claude-scientific-skills/scientific-thinking/scientific-writing/references/citation_styles.md

Citation Styles Guide

Overview

Citation styles provide standardized formats for acknowledging sources in scientific writing. Different disciplines prefer different styles, and journals typically specify which style to use. The five most common citation styles in science are AMA, Vancouver, APA, Chicago, and IEEE.

Choosing the Right Style

Style	Primary Disciplines	In-Text Format
AMA	Medicine, health sciences	Superscript numbers¹
Vancouver	Biomedical sciences	Numbers in brackets [1]
APA	Psychology, social sciences, education	Author-date (Smith, 2023)
Chicago	Humanities, history, some sciences	Notes-bibliography or author-date
IEEE	Engineering, computer science	Numbers in brackets [1]
ACS	Chemistry	Superscript numbers¹ or (1)
NLM	Life sciences, PubMed	Numbers in brackets [1]

Default recommendation: When in doubt, check the journal's author guidelines. Most biomedical journals use Vancouver or AMA style.

AMA Style (American Medical Association)

Overview

• Used primarily in medical research
• Based on the AMA Manual of Style (11th edition, 2020)
• Numbered citations appearing as superscripts
• References listed numerically in order of appearance

In-Text Citations

Basic format: Superscript numerals outside periods and commas, inside semicolons and colons.

Examples:

Several studies have demonstrated this effect.¹

The results were inconclusive,² although Smith et al³ reported otherwise.

These findings³⁻⁵ suggest a correlation.

One meta-analysis⁶ found significant heterogeneity; however, the pooled effect was significant.⁷

Multiple citations: Use commas or hyphens for ranges

Multiple studies¹,³,⁵⁻⁷ have confirmed this.

Same source cited multiple times: Use the same number throughout

Reference List Format

Journal Articles:

1. Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of article. Journal Name. Year;Volume(Issue):Page range. doi:xx.xxxx

Example:

1. Smith JD, Johnson AB, Williams CD. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023;80(5):456-464. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0123

Books:

2. Author AA. Book Title. Edition. Publisher; Year.

Book Chapters:

3. Chapter Author AA. Chapter title. In: Editor AA, Editor BB, eds. Book Title. Edition. Publisher; Year:Page range.

Online Resources:

4. Organization Name. Page title. Website name. Published date. Updated date. Accessed date. URL

Special Cases

More than 6 authors: List first 3, then "et al"

Smith JD, Jones AB, Williams CD, et al.

No author: Begin with title

Advance online publication:

Published online Month Day, Year. doi:xx.xxxx

Vancouver Style

Overview

• Developed by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)
• Described in Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals
• Also called "author-number style"
• Numbered citations in square brackets
• References listed numerically

In-Text Citations

Basic format: Numbers in square brackets after the relevant text, before periods and commas.

Examples:

Several studies have shown this effect [1].

The results were inconclusive [2], although Smith et al [3] reported otherwise.

These findings [3-5] suggest a correlation.

Multiple studies [1,3,5-7] have confirmed this.

Reference List Format

Journal Articles:

1. Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of article. Journal Name. Year;Volume(Issue):Page range.

Example:

1. Smith JD, Johnson AB, Williams CD. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023;80(5):456-464.

Books:

2. Author AA, Author BB. Book title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year.

Book Chapters:

3. Chapter Author AA, Chapter Author BB. Chapter title. In: Editor AA, Editor BB, editors. Book title. Edition. Place: Publisher; Year. p. Page range.

Electronic Sources:

4. Author AA. Title of page [Internet]. Place: Publisher; Date of publication [cited Date of citation]. Available from: URL

Special Cases

More than 6 authors: List first 6, then "et al."

Journal title abbreviations: Use PubMed/Index Medicus abbreviations

• The Journal of the American Medical Association → JAMA
• Nature Medicine → Nat Med

No volume or issue: Use year and page numbers only

Article in press: Use "[Epub ahead of print]" notation

APA Style (American Psychological Association)

Overview

• Widely used in psychology, education, and social sciences
• Based on the Publication Manual of the APA (7th edition, 2020)
• Author-date format for in-text citations
• References listed alphabetically by author surname

In-Text Citations

Basic format: (Author, Year)

Examples:

One study found significant effects (Smith, 2023).

Smith (2023) found significant effects.

Multiple studies (Jones, 2020; Smith, 2023; Williams, 2024) support this conclusion.

Two authors: Use "&" in parentheses, "and" in narrative

(Smith & Jones, 2023)
Smith and Jones (2023) demonstrated...

Three or more authors: Use "et al." after first author

(Smith et al., 2023)
Smith et al. (2023) reported...

Multiple works by same author(s) in same year: Add letters

(Smith, 2023a, 2023b)

Direct quotations: Include page numbers

(Smith, 2023, p. 45)
"Quote text" (Smith, 2023, p. 45).
Smith (2023) stated, "Quote text" (p. 45).

Reference List Format

Journal Articles:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx

Example:

Smith, J. D., Johnson, A. B., & Williams, C. D. (2023). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders. JAMA Psychiatry, 80(5), 456-464. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0123

Books:

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx

Book Chapters:

Chapter Author, A. A., & Chapter Author, B. B. (Year). Chapter title. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Book title (pp. page range). Publisher.

Websites:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Page title. Website Name. URL

Capitalization Rules

• Sentence case for article and book titles (capitalize only first word and proper nouns)
• Title case for journal names (capitalize all major words)

Example:

Smith, J. D. (2023). Effects of stress on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 152(3), 456-478.

Special Cases

No author: Move title to author position

Title of work. (Year). Journal Name...

No date: Use (n.d.)

Smith, J. D. (n.d.). Title...

Up to 20 authors: List all authors with "&" before last 21 or more authors: List first 19, then "...", then final author

Chicago Style

Overview

• Based on The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition, 2017)
• Two systems: Notes-Bibliography and Author-Date
• Notes-Bibliography common in humanities
• Author-Date common in sciences

Notes-Bibliography System

In-Text: Superscript numbers for footnotes or endnotes

One study demonstrated this effect.¹

Note format:

1. John D. Smith, Alice B. Johnson, and Carol D. Williams, "Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders," JAMA Psychiatry 80, no. 5 (2023): 456-64.

Bibliography format:

Smith, John D., Alice B. Johnson, and Carol D. Williams. "Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders." JAMA Psychiatry 80, no. 5 (2023): 456-64.

Author-Date System

In-Text: Similar to APA

(Smith, Johnson, and Williams 2023)
Smith, Johnson, and Williams (2023) found...

Reference list: Similar to APA but with different punctuation

Smith, John D., Alice B. Johnson, and Carol D. Williams. 2023. "Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders." JAMA Psychiatry 80 (5): 456-64.

Special Features

• Full names in bibliography (not just initials)
• Uses "and" not "&"
• Different punctuation from APA

IEEE Style

Overview

• Used in engineering, computer science, and technology
• Published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
• Numbered citations in square brackets
• References listed numerically

In-Text Citations

Format: Numbers in square brackets

Examples:

Several studies have demonstrated this effect [1].

The algorithm was described by Smith [2] and later improved [3], [4].

Multiple implementations [1]-[4] have been proposed.

Reference List Format

Journal Articles:

[1] A. A. Author, B. B. Author, and C. C. Author, "Title of article," Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. XX-XX, Month Year.

Example:

[1] J. D. Smith, A. B. Johnson, and C. D. Williams, "Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders," JAMA Psychiatry, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 456-464, May 2023.

Books:

[2] A. A. Author, Book Title, Edition. City, State: Publisher, Year.

Conference Papers:

[3] A. A. Author, "Paper title," in Proc. Conference Name, City, State, Year, pp. XX-XX.

Online Sources:

[4] A. A. Author. "Title." Website. URL (accessed Mon. Day, Year).

Special Features

• Abbreviated first and middle names
• Uses "and" before last author (not comma)
• Month abbreviations (Jan., Feb., etc.)
• "vol." and "no." before volume and issue
• "pp." before page range

Additional Styles

ACS Style (American Chemical Society)

In-Text: Superscript numbers or numbers in parentheses

This reaction has been well studied.¹
This reaction has been well studied (1).

Reference format:

(1) Smith, J. D.; Johnson, A. B.; Williams, C. D. Title of Article. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 1234-1245.

Features:

• Semicolons between authors
• Abbreviated journal names
• Year in bold
• No issue numbers

NLM Style (National Library of Medicine)

Very similar to Vancouver, used by PubMed/MEDLINE

Key differences:

• Uses PubMed journal abbreviations
• Specific format for electronic publications
• PMID or PMCID can be included

Example:

Smith JD, Johnson AB, Williams CD. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023 May;80(5):456-64. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0123. PMID: 12345678.

General Citation Best Practices

Across All Styles

When to cite:

• Direct quotations
• Paraphrased ideas from others
• Statistics, data, or figures from other sources
• Theories, models, or frameworks developed by others
• Information that is not common knowledge

Citation density:

• Introduction: Cite liberally to establish context
• Methods: Cite when referencing established protocols or instruments
• Results: Rarely cite (focus on your own findings)
• Discussion: Cite frequently when comparing to prior work

Source quality:

• Prefer peer-reviewed journal articles
• Cite original sources when possible (not secondary citations)
• Use recent sources (within 5-10 years for active fields)
• Ensure sources are reputable and relevant

Common mistakes to avoid:

• Inconsistent formatting
• Missing required elements (DOI, page numbers, etc.)
• Citing sources not actually read (citation chaining)
• Over-reliance on review articles instead of primary sources
• Including uncited references or missing cited references
• Incorrect author names or initials
• Wrong year of publication
• Truncated titles

Managing Citations

Reference Management Software:

• Zotero: Free, open-source, browser integration
• Mendeley: Free, PDF annotation, social features
• EndNote: Commercial, powerful, institutional support
• RefWorks: Web-based, institutional subscriptions

Software benefits:

• Automatic formatting in multiple styles
• In-text citation insertion
• Reference list generation
• PDF organization
• Sharing capabilities

Verifying Citations

Before submission, check:

1. Every in-text citation has a corresponding reference
2. Every reference is cited in text
3. Formatting is consistent throughout
4. Author names and initials are correct
5. Titles are accurate
6. Journal names match required abbreviations
7. Volume, issue, and page numbers are correct
8. DOIs are included (when required)
9. URLs are functional (for web sources)
10. Citations appear in correct order (numerical styles)

DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

What is a DOI?

A unique alphanumeric string identifying digital content permanently.

Format:

doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0123
or
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0123

When to include:

• Required by most journals for recent publications
• Preferred over URLs because DOIs don't change
• Look up DOIs at https://www.crossref.org/ if not provided

Style-specific formatting:

• AMA: doi:10.xxxx/xxxxx
• APA: https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx
• Vancouver: Often omitted or added at journal's discretion
• Chicago: https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx

Quick Reference: Journal Article Format

Style	Format
AMA	Author AA, Author BB. Title of article. Journal. Year;Vol(Iss):pp. doi:xx
Vancouver	Author AA, Author BB. Title of article. Journal. Year;Vol(Iss):pp.
APA	Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Journal, Vol(Iss), pp. https://doi.org/xx
Chicago A-D	Author, A. A., and B. B. Author. Year. "Title." Journal Vol (Iss): pp.
IEEE	A. A. Author and B. B. Author, "Title," Journal, vol. X, no. X, pp. XX-XX, Mon. Year.

Common Abbreviations

Journal Abbreviations

Follow the journal's specified system (usually Index Medicus or ISO):

• The Journal of Biological Chemistry → J Biol Chem
• Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences → Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
• Nature Medicine → Nat Med

Month Abbreviations

• Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
• Some styles use three-letter abbreviations without periods

Edition Abbreviations

• 1st ed., 2nd ed., 3rd ed., etc.
• Or: 1st edition, 2nd edition

Special Publication Types

Preprints

APA: Author, A. A. (Year). Title [Preprint]. Repository Name. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx

Theses and Dissertations

APA: Author, A. A. (Year). Title [Doctoral dissertation, University Name]. Repository Name. URL

Conference Proceedings

IEEE: A. A. Author, "Title," in Proc. Conf. Name, City, Year, pp. XX-XX.

Software/Code

APA: Author, A. A. (Year). Title (Version X.X) [Computer software]. Publisher. URL

Datasets

APA: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dataset (Version X) [Data set]. Repository. https://doi.org/xx.xxxx

Transitioning Between Styles

When converting between citation styles:

1. Use reference management software for automatic conversion
2. Check these elements that vary by style:
   • In-text citation format (numbered vs. author-date)
   • Author name format (initials vs. full names)
   • Title capitalization (sentence case vs. title case)
   • Journal name formatting (abbreviated vs. full)
   • Punctuation (periods, commas, semicolons)
   • Use of italics and bold
   • Order of elements
3. Manually verify after automatic conversion
4. Check journal guidelines for specific requirements

Resources for Citation Styles

Official Manuals

• AMA: https://www.amamanualofstyle.com/
• Vancouver/ICMJE: http://www.icmje.org/
• APA: https://apastyle.apa.org/
• Chicago: https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/
• IEEE: https://ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/

Quick Reference Guides

• Purdue OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/
• Citation Machine: https://www.citationmachine.net/
• EasyBib: https://www.easybib.com/

Reference Management

• Zotero: https://www.zotero.org/
• Mendeley: https://www.mendeley.com/
• EndNote: https://endnote.com/